In the presence of climate change, land degradation and biodiversity loss, soils have become one of the most vulnerable resources in the world. Anthropogenic impacts on soil can turn soil organic carbon (SOC) into either a net sink or a net source of GHGs. After carbon enters the soil in the form of organic material from soil fauna and flora, it can persist in the soil for decades, centuries or even millennia. This publication aims to provide an overview to decision-makers and practitioners of the main scientific facts and information regarding the current knowledge and knowledge gaps on SOC. It highlights how better information and food practices may be implemented to support ending hunger, adapting to and mitigating climate change and achieving overall sustainable development.