Part I: Tsarist Central Asia
Chapter 1: Pre-Colonial Central Asia – Nomads and People of Oases
Document 1.1: Ivan Andreev, Description of the Kazakhs’ Middle Horde
Document 1.2: Johann Gottlieb Georgi, About Tartar Peoples
Document 1.3: Burnachev and Pospelov, The Trip to Tashkent
Document 1.4: Ármin Vámbéry, Travels in Central Asia
Chapter 2: Russian Policies and Steppe Realities in the Eighteenth Century
Document 2.1: Decision of the Board of Foreign Affairs on the Letter Sent by Abu’l Khayr Khan
Document 2.2: Text of the Oath by Abu’l Khayr Khan on the Acceptance of a Russian Protectorate
Document 2.3: Letter of Abu’l Khayr Khan to Anna Ioannovna with a Request to Send Tevkelev to him and to Construct a Fortress at the Mouth of the River Or’
Document 2.4: Catherine II’s Decree to the Governor-General of Simbirsk and Ufa about the Maintenance of Order on the Kazakh Steppe, the Safety of Borders, the Khan’s Powers, the Appointment of Mullahs to Kazakh Clans, etc.
Document 2.5: Letter of Khan Bakhadur Nur-Mukhambet-Ali to the Head of Orenburg Province and the Commander-in-Chief of the Regular and Irregular Armies of Orenburg, Baron Igelstrom
Document 2.6: Report of Baron Igelstrom to Empress Catherine II on the Causes of Conflict in the Small Kazakh Horde
Document 2.7: Decree Issued by Catherine II in Reply to the Letter of O.A. Igelstrom Concerning the Organization of Border Courts, the Khan’s Authority, etc.
Document 2.8: Report of the Orenburg Military Governor Bakhmetev to Emperor Alexander I about the Policies of the Orenburg Governors Concerning Kazakhs during the Last 50 Years and about the Necessity of Sending a Retaliatory Detachment against the Kazakhs
Document 2.9: MuhammadSalikhBabadzhanov, “Notes on theKirghizes Written by aKirghiz”
Chapter 3: Speranskii’s Reforms and Kenesary Kasymov’s Rebellion
Document 3.1: Mikhail Speranskii, Regulations Governing the Siberian Kirghizes
Document 3.2: Letter of Sultan Shama Ablaikhanov to the Omsk Regional Head Regarding His and His People’s Attitude to the New Regulations
Document 3.3: Letter of Kenesary Kasymov to the Governor-General of Western Siberia Regarding Rebel Demands and the Relationship between the Insurgents and Tsarist Authorities
Document 3.4: Address of the Governor-General of Western Siberia Prince Gorchakov to the Sultans, Biis, Elders and the Kazakhs of the Middle Horde with Demands to Oppose Kenesary Kasymov
Document 3.5: Letter of Kenesary Kasymov to the Biis of Nazarov Tribe Concerning the Attack on the Tliau Tribe
Document 3.6: Report of the Sultan Administrator of the Eastern Part of the Orenburg Kazakhs Ahmed Dzhantiurin to the Orenburg Frontier Commission on the Relations between Kenesary Kasymov, and the Iappas and Argyn Tribes
Chapter 4: Tsarist Policies in Central Asia in the Late Imperial Period
Document 4.1: On the Issue of Granting Passports to the Muslims Leaving to Worship in Mecca
Document 4.2: On the Necessity of the Russian Colonization of Central Asia
Document 4.3: Petition of the Kokand Ulemas to His Excellency, the Minister of War, Regarding Taxation on Wagf Income
Document 4.4: Memorandum of the General Staff on the Request of Kokand Ulemas Regarding the Taxation of Waqfs
Document 4.5: Order of the Turkestan Governor-General to the Chief of the General Staff
Document 4.6: Extract from the Report of the Semipalatinsk Governor
Chapter 5: Jadidism and Central Asian Nationalism
Document 5.1: Ismail Bey Gasprinskii, Russian Muslims
Document 5.2: A. Bukeikhanov, “Kirghizes”
Chapter 6: The Central Asian Rebellions of 1898 and 1916
Document 6.1: Reportof LieutenantGeneralKorol’kov tothe Governor General of Turkestan, Lieutenant General Dukhovskoi
Document 6.2: Report of theMinister of War,Lieutenant GeneralKuropatkin, to NicholasII
Document 6.3: Minutes of the Meeting Chaired by the Chief of Zakaspiiskaia Oblast Concerning Taking Measures Directed at the Elimination of Violent Resistance to the Mobilization of Workers Taken from the Native Population
Document 6.4: Report of the Assistant of the Military Minister, Frolov, to the General Staff Concerning Measures on Conducting the Mobilization in Turkestan Krai, according to the Decree of June 25, 1916, Taken by the New Governor-General of Turkestan Krai, Kuropatkin
Document 6.5: Order of the Governor-General of Turkestan Krai, Kuropatkin, Concerning the Process of Mobilization for Rear Works
Document 6.6: Report of the Assistant to the Chief Military Public Prosecutor, Ignatovich, to the Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of Turkestan Military District, Kuropatkin, Regarding the Character of the Revolts in Fergana, Syr-Daria, and Other Oblasts, and Their Differences from the Revolt in the Dzhizak District of Samarkand Oblast and in the Semirech’e Area
Document 6.7: Excerpt from the Official Report of the Governor-General of Turkestan Krai, Kuropatkin, to Nikolas II Concerning the Reasons and the Course of the Revolt of 1916 in the Krai, and also Regarding the Measures Taken by the Administration on Its Suppression
Document 6.8: Excerpt from the Request of the Kirghizes of the Utegen Village of Pishpek District to the Governor-General of Turkestan Krai, Kuropatkin
Part II: Soviet Central Asia
Chapter 7: Revolutions and War Communism in Central Asia
Document 7.1: Program of Alash Party
Document 7.2: Resolution of the Emergency Kazakh-Kirghiz Congress
Document 7.3: Appeal of the Council of People’s Commissars: “To All Working Muslims of Russia and the East”
Document 7.4: Instruction of the Pishpek District Soviet of Deputies Concerning the Expropriation of Surpluses of Grain and its Delivery to the Poorest Population
Document 7.5: Excerpt from the Minutes of the Meeting of the Party Active of Semirech’e Oblast on the Confiscation of Horses of Capitalists in the Pishpek and Tokmak Districts, and on the Actions Aimed at the Extermination of Speculation and Marauding
Document 7.6: Excerpt from the Legislation on Land Reform [Promulgated by] the Commissariat of Agriculture of Turkestan Republic
Document 7.7: Appeal of the Pishpek City Committee of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks to the Volost' and Rural Party Organizations and Committees of the Poor Concerning Carrying out Expropriations
Document 7.8: Report of the Fergana Land Management Commission on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Executive Bureau of the Fergana Oblast' Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of Turkestan on June 19, 1922 on the Conduct of the Political and Economic Land Reform in Bazar-Kurgan Raion, Andijan Uezd
Document 7.9: Excerpt from the Report of the Central Committee of Famine Relief on the Causes of Famine
Chapter 8: Basmachi Movement
Document 8.1: Mullah Ibrahim Bek, Government Bulletin
Document 8.2: To the Respected Military Commanders Ibrahim Bii, Mullah Ziauddin and All Other Military Commanders of Kabadiyan Vilaet.
Document 8.3: Excerpt from the Report of the Revvoensovet (Revolutionary Military Council) and the Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the RSFSR Concerning the Military-Political Situation in Turkestan
Document 8.4: Address of Frunze to the Indigenous Population of Fergana Oblast with an Appeal to Struggle against the Basmachis
Document 8.5: Report of the Chairman of the Commission on the Extermination of Basmachis Sokol’nikov to the Central Committee of the Communist Party
Chapter 9: Soviet Policies toward Islam and Education
Document 9.1: Report of the Extraordinary Commission of the Central Executive Committee of People’s Education of Turkestan Republic
Document 9.2: The Chief of the Municipal Department of People’s Education A. Muradov to the Chairman of the Turkestan Commission
Document 9.3: Inspector-Informer Pchel’nikov's Report on Publications
Document 9.4: Inspector-Informer Pchel’nikov's Report on Muslim Clergy
Chapter 10: Women's Question and Criminalization of Traditions
Document 10.1: Data for theReporton theLegislation onDomestic Crimes
Document 10.2: Notes to the Report “On the Party’s Work for the Emancipation of Womenof Central Asia”
Document 10.3: Reportof theTashkentOkrug Commissionon the Improvement of Working and Living Conditionsof Working Women andPeasants
Document 10.4: OGPU'sReport on the Central Asians’ Attitude to the Emancipation of Women
Document 10.5: OGPU's Summaryof Women’s Campaign
Document 10.6: On the Criminal Activity of the Groups Hostile to the Emancipation of Women.
Document 10.7: Head of the Department of Female WorkersandPeasants ofCentralAsianBureau ofthe Central Committee ofthe Communist Party of Bolsheviks Muratova's Report on the Resistance of Anti-Soviet Classes to Women’s Emancipation
Document 10.8: Report on DomesticLegislation by AssistantProsecutor Zhelannaia
Chapter 11: Soviet Nationalities Policies: Nativization, National Delimitation, and Deportation
Document 11.1: Resolution of the First Congress of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks of Turkestan Republic on the Party Work among the Local Proletariat
Document 11.2: Decreeof the Revolutionary Committeeof the Uzbek SovietSocialist Republic
Document 11.3: Radiogram of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Central Executive Committee, to the Regional Committee of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks of Turkestan Republic Regarding the Necessity of Attracting Workers of Local Nationalities to State Activities
Document 11.4: On the National-State Delimitation(Theses forPresenters)
Document 11.5: Translation of an ArticleRegardingthe Delimitation ofCentral Asia intothe National Republics
Document 11.6: Petition to theCentralAsianBureau ofthe Russian Communist Party on Behalf ofthe Kara-Kalpaks of the Amu DariaOblast
Document 11.7: Petition of the Authorized Representative of the Citizens of Chugur-Margent Rural Community of Marghazhan Volost of Margazhan Uezd of the Autonomous Republic of Uzbekistan Mullah Kamal Tiuriakulov
Document 11.8: Memorandum from the Delegates of the Kyrgyz Population of Bukhara on the Issues of National Delimitation of Central Asia
Document 11.9: Report of Construction-Technician M.M. Musakiev onSituation of the Special Settlers Exiled to Kazakhstan from the Caucuses:Ingushes, Chechens,andBalkars
Chapter 12: Soviet Economic Policies in Central Asia: Cotton Growing and Collectivization
Document 12.1: The Address of Turkestan Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks to All Working Peasants of Turkestan Republic to Sow All Fields with Cotton
Document 12.2: Politico-Economic Conditions of Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
Document 12.3: Report of the Kazakhstan People’s Commissariat Concerning Class Struggle in an Aul in Connection with the Forthcoming Confiscation of Bai Property
Document 12.4: Data of the Kazakhstan Republican Collective Farm Union on the Course of Collectivization in the Republic
Document 12.5: Memorandum of the Children Committee to the Presidium of Children Committee at the Central Executive Committee on the Situation with the Children of Outmigrating Kazakhs Who Moved to the Raions of the Middle Volga from Kazakhstan
Document 12.6: Letter of the Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of Kaz SSR Uraz Isaev to Stalin
Document 12.7: Overall Assessment of the Situation and the Reasons for Anti-Soviet Actions of the Pastoralists
Document 12.8: Report to the Director of Kokand Plant Management, Member of the VKP(b) Comrade Grobovoi
Document 12.9: Brief Summary of the Situation and the Moods of Peasant Masses in the Fergana Okrug
Chapter 13: Central Asia under “Developed Socialism”
Document 13.1: The Merger of Nationalities
Document 13.2: Uzbek Culture in the 1980s
Document 13.3: Corruption in the Uzbek SSR
Chapter 14: Perestroika and Rise of Central Asian Nationalism
Document 14.1: Events of December 1986 in Alma-Ata. Report on Group Infringements of Public Order in Alma-Ata and Some Towns and Villages of Kazakhstan
Document 14.2: “For our and your Freedom.” The Special Issue of the Newspaper “Birlik,” the National Movement of Uzbekistan
Document 14.3: The Charter of the Islamic Council of Consent
Document 14.4: Popular Front “Mustakil” (“Independent”). An Address to the Uzbek Population
Chapter 15: Post-Soviet Central Asia
Document 15.1: Tahir Qahhar, “Day of Freedom”
Document 15.2: Human Rights Watch. Uzbekistan: Country Summary, 2009
Document 15.3: The Presidents for Life of Independent and Neutral TurkmenistanSaparmyrat Turkmenbashy the Great, Rukhnama: Reflections on the Spiritual
Values of Turkmen