Fixing Babel

An Historical Anthology of Applied English Lexicography

Rebecca Shapiro - Foreword by Jack Lynch

We all think we know what a dictionary is for and how to use one, so most of us skip the first pages—the front matter—and go right to the words we wish to look up. Yet dictionary users have not always known how English “works” and my book reproduces and examines for the first time important texts in which seventeenth- and eighteenth-century dictionary authors explain choices and promote ideas to readers, their “end users.” Unlike French, Spanish, and Italian dictionaries compiled during this time and published by national academies, the goal of English dictionaries was usually not to “purify” the language, though some writers did attempt to regularize it. Instead, English lexicographers aimed to teach practical ways for their users to learn English, improve their language skills, even transcend their social class. The anthology strives to be comprehensive in its coverage of the first phase of this tradition from the early seventeenth century—from Robert Cawdrey’s (1604) A Table Alphabeticall, to Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language (1755), and finally, to Noah Webster’s An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828). The book puts English dictionaries in historical, national, linguistic, literary, cultural contexts, presenting lexicographical trends and the change in the English language over two centuries, and examines how writers attempted to control it by appealing to various pedagogical and legal authorities. Moreover, the development of dictionary and attempts to codify English language and grammar coincided with the arc of the British Empire; the promulgation of “proper” English has been a subject of debate and inquiry for centuries and, in part, dictionaries and the teaching of English historically have been used to present and support ideas about what is correct, regardless of how and where English is actually used. The authors who wrote these texts apply ideas about capitalism, nationalism, sex and social status to favor one language theory over another. I show how dictionaries are not neutral documents: they challenge or promote biases. The book presents and analyzes the history of lexicography, demonstrating how and why dictionaries evolved into the reference books we now often take for granted and we can see that there is no easy answer to the question of “who owns English.”

University Press Copublishing Division / Bucknell University Press

Pages: 656 • Trim: 6¼ x 9⅜

978-1-61148-809-8 • Hardback • December 2016 • $175.00 • (£135.00)

978-1-61148-810-4 • eBook • December 2016 • $166.00 • (£129.00)

Subjects: Language Arts & Disciplines / Lexicography, Language Arts & Disciplines / Linguistics / General, Language Arts & Disciplines / Linguistics / Historical & Comparative

Fixing Babel

An Historical Anthology of Applied English Lexicography

Hardback

eBook

Summary

We all think we know what a dictionary is for and how to use one, so most of us skip the first pages—the front matter—and go right to the words we wish to look up. Yet dictionary users have not always known how English “works” and my book reproduces and examines for the first time important texts in which seventeenth- and eighteenth-century dictionary authors explain choices and promote ideas to readers, their “end users.” Unlike French, Spanish, and Italian dictionaries compiled during this time and published by national academies, the goal of English dictionaries was usually not to “purify” the language, though some writers did attempt to regularize it. Instead, English lexicographers aimed to teach practical ways for their users to learn English, improve their language skills, even transcend their social class. The anthology strives to be comprehensive in its coverage of the first phase of this tradition from the early seventeenth century—from Robert Cawdrey’s (1604) A Table Alphabeticall, to Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language (1755), and finally, to Noah Webster’s An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828). The book puts English dictionaries in historical, national, linguistic, literary, cultural contexts, presenting lexicographical trends and the change in the English language over two centuries, and examines how writers attempted to control it by appealing to various pedagogical and legal authorities. Moreover, the development of dictionary and attempts to codify English language and grammar coincided with the arc of the British Empire; the promulgation of “proper” English has been a subject of debate and inquiry for centuries and, in part, dictionaries and the teaching of English historically have been used to present and support ideas about what is correct, regardless of how and where English is actually used. The authors who wrote these texts apply ideas about capitalism, nationalism, sex and social status to favor one language theory over another. I show how dictionaries are not neutral documents: they challenge or promote biases. The book presents and analyzes the history of lexicography, demonstrating how and why dictionaries evolved into the reference books we now often take for granted and we can see that there is no easy answer to the question of “who owns English.”

Details

University Press Copublishing Division / Bucknell University Press

Pages: 656 • Trim: 6¼ x 9⅜

978-1-61148-809-8 • Hardback • December 2016 • $175.00 • (£135.00)

978-1-61148-810-4 • eBook • December 2016 • $166.00 • (£129.00)

Subjects: Language Arts & Disciplines / Lexicography, Language Arts & Disciplines / Linguistics / General, Language Arts & Disciplines / Linguistics / Historical & Comparative

Author

Rebecca Shapiro is associate professor of English at the City University of New York.

Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Editorial Method
List of Abbreviations

William Clark
A Dictionarie in English and Latine for Children, and Yong Beginners (1602)

Robert Cawdrey
A Table Alphabeticall, 2nd ed. (1609)

[I. B.] John Bullokar
An English Expositor: Teaching the Interpretation of the Hardest Words Vsed in Our Language (1616)

Henry Cockeram
The English Dictionarie: Or, an Interpreter of Hard English Words (1623)

Edmund Coote
The English Schoole-Master (1627)

Thomas Blount
Glossographia: Or a Dictionary (1656)

Edward Phillips
The New World of English Words: Or, a General Dictionary (1658)

John Ray
A Collection of English Words, Not Generally Used (1674)

Elisha Coles
An English Dictionary (1676)

Anonymous
Gazophylacium Anglicanum (1689)

Abel Boyer
The Royal Dictionary (1699)

[J. K.] John Kersey
A New English Dictionary (1702)

John Kersey
A New World of Words: Or, Universal English Dictionary, 6th ed., rev. by John Kersey (1706)

Anonymous
Glossographia Anglicana Nova: Or, a Dictionary (1707)

John Kersey [Philobibl.]
Dictionarium Anglo-Britannicum (1708)

Nathan Bailey
An Universal Etymological Dictionary (1721)

Thomas Dyche
The Spelling Dictionary (1725)

B. N. [Benjamin Norton] Defoe
A Compleat Dictionary (1735)

Nathan Bailey
Dictionarium Britannicum, 2nd ed. (1736)

Thomas Dyche and William Pardon
A New General English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (1737)

Samuel Johnson
The Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language (1747)

Benjamin Martin
Lingua Britannica Reformata: Or, A New English Dictionary (1749)

Samuel Johnson
A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)

Joseph Nicol Scott
A New Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1755)

Samuel Johnson
A Dictionary of the English Language . . . Abstracted (1756)

James Buchanan
Linguæ Britannicæ Vera Pronunciato: Or, A New English Dictionary (1757)

William Johnston
A Pronouncing and Spelling Dictionary (1764)

John Trusler
The Difference between Words, Esteemed Synonymous, in the English Language (1766)

William Kenrick
A New Dictionary of the English Language: Containing, Not Only the Explanation of Words . . . but Likewise, Their Orthoepia or Pronunciation (1773)

James Barclay
A Complete and Universal English Dictionary on a New Plan (1774)

John Ash
The New and Complete Dictionary of the English Language (1775)

William Perry
The Royal Standard English Dictionary (1775)

John Walker
A Dictionary of the English Language (1775)

Thomas Sheridan
A General Dictionary of the English Language (1780)

Francis Grose
A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue (1785)

John Walker
A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language (1791)

Hester Lynch Piozzi
British Synonymy (1794)

Noah Webster
A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language (1806)

Noah Webster
An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828)

Dictionaries with Their Complete Titles
Bibliography
Index

Reviews

Shapiro (CUNY) has compiled and edited nearly 500 pages of front matter from early dictionaries of the English language. She begins with A Dictionary in English and Latine for Children, and Yong Beginners (1602)—originally compiled by John Withals, but added to by William Clerk (regularized here as Clark)—and ends with Noah Webster’s 1828 An American Dictionary of the English Language; Samuel Johnson makes his appearance more than midway along (with pieces from 1747 and 1755). Altogether Shapiro collects 39 selections from more than 30 authors, including Benjamin Defoe, Edmund Coote, Thomas Sheridan, and Francis Grose. The entries document how scholarly thinking about language and dictionaries evolved and the ways in which early dictionaries influenced one another. Each entry is preceded by a biographical note (or in the case of the two anonymous works, a short commentary). Most entries are reproduced fully and explicated with notes, though a few are necessarily abridged. Shapiro's 20-page introduction serves as a fine bibliographic essay on dictionary scholarship. Including a comprehensive bibliography, Fixing Babel is the sort of historical anthology that dictionary aficionados and teachers of the history of the English language will all want, and it is a required resource for students. Summing Up: Essential. Lower-division undergraduates through faculty; general readers.
— Choice Reviews

Fixing Babel: An Historical Anthology of Applied English Lexicography, edited by Rebecca Shapiro, offers an invaluable collection of the explanatory front matter written by dictionary authors from the early seventeenth to early nineteenth centuries. This unique collation, beautifully edited with instructive commentary, enables readers to grasp the shifting dynamic of descriptive and prescriptive elements used by lexicographers in documenting the ever-widening scope of English language use in the documented time frame.
— SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500-1900

Fixing Babel

An Historical Anthology of Applied English Lexicography

Rebecca Shapiro - Foreword by Jack Lynch

Fixing Babel

An Historical Anthology of Applied English Lexicography

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