Preface
Section I: Foundations of Special Education
1 The Government
What Are the Three Branches of Government?
Table 1.1. Checks and Balances
- Legislative Branch
- Senate
- House of Representatives
- Executive Branch
Table 1.2. List of 15 Departments within the US President’s Cabinet
Figure 1.1. Geographic Boundaries of US Court of Appeals and US District Courts
Table 1.3. The US Circuit Court of Appeals
How Are Laws Created?
- Statutory Law
- Regulatory Law
- Case Law
How Do the Three Branches of Government and Sources of Law Interact?
Figure 1.2. The Three Branches of Government
Why Is Knowing about the US Government Important for Advocacy?
Where Can I Find More Information about the US Government?
- Constitution Center
- USA.gov
- YouTube
- Harry S. Truman Library
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References
2 A History of Advocacy
How Has Advocacy Affected Special Education?
- Before the Education for All Handicapped Children Act
- After the Education for All Handicapped Children Act
Figure 2.1. The Gears of Special Education
Who Are Some Key Historical Advocates in Special Education?
- Parents as Advocates
- Educators as Advocates
Why Advocate for Special Education Today?
- For Students
- For Teachers
How Do You Advocate for Special Education?
Figure 2.2. The Five Rings of Advocacy
Where Can I Find More Information on the History of Advocacy?
- Essentials of Special Education Law
- Council for Exceptional Children
- US Department of Education
- Elizabeth Farrell and the History of Special Education
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References
Section II: Rings of Advocacy
3 Ring of Self Advocacy
Figure 3.1. Self-Advocacy Ring
What Is the Self-Advocacy Ring and Why Is It Important?
What Are Some Current Opportunities for Self-Advocacy?
- Curricular Resources
- Role Definition
- Inclusion
- Student Behavior
- Professional Relationships
- Special Education Teachers of Color
- Workload Manageability
- In Summary
Table 3.1. Common Issues Facing Special Education Teachers
How Do You Advocate for Yourself?
Figure 3.2. How to Self-Advocate
- Identify and Understand the Problem
- Invite Stakeholders
Figure 3.3. The LAFF Don’t Cry Active Listening Strategy
Where Can I Find More Information on Self-Advocacy?
- From the Field
- TEACHING Exceptional Children Special Issue on Self-Advocacy
- Self-Advocacy: Improving Your Life by Speaking Up
- Speaking Up Is Hard to Do
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References
4 Ring of Classroom Advocacy
Figure 4.1. The Classroom Advocacy Ring
What Is the Classroom Advocacy Ring and Why Is It Important?
What Are Some Current Opportunities for Classroom Advocacy?
- Instructional Best Practices
Table 4.1. Evidence-Based Practices across Subjects
- Universal Design for Learning
- Multitiered Systems of Support
• IEP Legal Compliance
- Free Appropriate Public Education
- Least Restrictive Environment
• Self-Advocacy through Co-Advocacy
How Do You Advocate for Students in Your Classroom?
Figure 4.2. Strategies and Examples for Successful Classroom-Level Advocacy
- Identify and Understand the Problem
- Invite Stakeholders
- Determine Solutions
Where Can I Find More Information on Classroom Advocacy?
- Evidence-Based Practices IRIS Module
- Response to Intervention: Collaborating to Target Instruction
- Universal Design for Learning Guidelines
- Universal Design for Learning IRIS Module
- What Is MTSS? A Blog Post
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References
5 Ring of School Advocacy
Figure 5.1. The School Advocacy Ring
What Is the School Advocacy Ring and Why Is It Important?
What Are Some Current Opportunities for School Advocacy?
- Related Services
- Busing Procedures
- Pull-Out Scheduling
- Placement Predetermination
- Discipline Policies
- Adapted Physical Education
How Do You Advocate for Students in Your School?
- Identify and Understand the Problem
Figure 5.2. Organizational Leadership Structure
- Invite Stakeholders
- Determine Solutions
Where Can I Find More Information on School Advocacy?
- Advocating for School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports
- Lecture on Placement Decisions by Dr. Mitchell Yell
- Positive, Proactive Approaches to Supporting Children with Disabilities
- School Discipline for Students with Disabilities
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References
6 Ring of State Advocacy
Figure 6.1. The State Advocacy Ring
What Is the State Advocacy Ring and Why Is It Important?
What Are Some Current Opportunities for State Advocacy?
- Teacher Licensure
- Reading Wars
- Hot-Button Issues
- Standardized Assessments
How Do You Advocate at the State Level?
- Identify and Understand the Problem
Table 6.1. Advocacy Meeting Checklist
- Invite Stakeholders
- Determine Solutions
Figure 6.2. Kingdon’s Three Streams Model
Where Can I Find More Information on State-Level Advocacy?
- CEC State and Provincial Units
- FindLaw.com
- 50 State Survey of Special Education Laws and Regulations
- USA.gov
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References
7 Ring of Federal Advocacy
Figure 7.1. The Federal Advocacy Ring
What Is the Federal Advocacy Ring and Why Is It Important?
Figure 7.2. Differences between Federal and State Laws
What Are Some Current Opportunities for Federal Advocacy?
- Funding for IDEA
- Federal Funding to Support Teachers
Table 7.1. Federal Funding for Teachers
- Promoting Diversity in Teacher Education
- Alternative Routes into the Profession
How Do You Advocate at the Federal Level?
- Identify and Understand the Problem
- Invite Stakeholders
- Determine Solutions
Where Can I Find More Information on Federal-Level Advocacy?
- Advocating for the Common Good: People, Politics, Process, and Policy on Capitol Hill
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Site
- Policy Insider
- Special Education Legislative Summit
- Your Voice Matters: A Practitioner’s Guide for Engaging in Policy through Advocacy
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References
Section III: Advocacy in Practice
8 Inclusion of Students with Disabilities
Figure 8.1. The Five Rings of Advocacy
What Are the Issues Concerning Inclusion of Students with Disabilities?
Table 8.1. Circuit Court Tests When Determining Least Restrictive Environment
How Do You Use the Rings of Advocacy Concerning Issues of Inclusion?
- The Problem
- Mr. Jacobs’s Solution
- Rings of Advocacy
- Self-Advocacy Ring
- Classroom Advocacy Ring
- School Advocacy Ring
- State Advocacy Ring
- Federal Advocacy Ring
- In Conclusion
Where Can I Find More Information about Inclusion?
- 2TeachLLC Blog
- Intervention in School and Clinic
- IRIS Center Information Brief: LRE
- Six Co-Teaching Models
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References
9 The Special Education Teacher Shortage
What Are the Issues Concerning the Special Education Teacher Shortage?
- Retaining Special Education Teachers
- Attracting Special Education Teachers
- Preparing Special Education Teachers
How Do You Use the Rings of Advocacy Concerning the Special Education Teacher Shortage?
Table 9.1. Strategies to Mitigate Special Education Teacher Shortages
- The Problem
- Miss Lazaroni’s Solution
- Rings of Advocacy
Figure 9.1. The Five Rings of Advocacy
- Self-Advocacy Ring
- Classroom Advocacy Ring
- School Advocacy Ring
- State Advocacy Ring
- Federal Advocacy Ring
In Conclusion Where Can I Find More Information about Teacher Shortages?
- American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE) Action Alerts
- Journal of Special Education Preparation
- Teacher Education Division, Council for Exceptional Children
- Teacher Education and Special Education
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References
10 Inequities in Special Education
Figure 10.1. The Five Rings of Advocacy
What Are Some Issues Concerning Inequities in Special Education?
- Disproportionality
- Exclusionary Discipline and Restraint and Seclusion
- Pandemic-Related Learning Loss
How Do You Use the Rings of Advocacy Concerning Issues of Equity?
- The Problem
- Miss Jackson’s Solution
- Rings of Advocacy
Figure 10.2. The Purpose of an Equity Team
- Classroom Advocacy Ring
- School Advocacy Ring
Table 10.1. Disaggregated Discipline Referral
- State Advocacy Ring
- Federal Advocacy Ring
In Conclusion Where Can I Find More Information about Inequities in Special Education?
- Significant Disproportionality in Special Education by State
- School Discipline for Students with Disabilities
- What Is Culturally Responsive Teaching?
- Center for Learner Equity
- US Department of Education Office for Civil Rights Guidance on Discipline for Students with Disabilities
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References
Index
About the Authors