Advocating for Israel

Diplomats and Lobbyists from Truman to Nixon

Natan Aridan

This study analyzes the unique triangular relationship between Israel’s diplomatic representatives, pro-Israel advocates, and US administrations draws on a wealth of Hebrew and English primary documentation that includes; government archives, surveillance records, wiretappings, personal oral interviews, and diaries of key individuals. Natan Aridan demonstrates how a small new state succeeded in establishing a level of political, economic and military aid that has made for an alliance that is unique in the American experience. Revealed in considerable depth are the dilemmas facing Israeli and US leaders, and pro-Israel organizations and the extent to which individual Jewish leaders maneuvered as conduits between Israeli governments and US administrations, whose senior dramatis personae in turn attempted to influence, moderate, restrain, and change the course of policy decisions and actions. Each administration had multiple voices and international contingencies presented different challenges, all of which had a major impact in fluctuations, and shifts in policies toward Israel. There was nothing inevitable about military and financial support for Israel. It was only by the end of the period that a distinct pattern began to emerge. Eventual qualified US support took a long and complicated path developed over many decades on multidimensional levels. The book refutes insidious allegations that from Israel’s inception Jewish influence and a powerful Israel lobby hijacked US foreign policy to achieve unreserved military and financial support for Israel that undermined the best interests of the US. The author illustrates one of the poorly misunderstood aspects on the subject by demonstrating how Israeli governments were more astute and powerful than previous scholars have realized and that they were in fact pulling the strings far more than AIPAC and wealthy Jews. He also demonstrates that a contributing factor on the decision to aid Israel (understated in previous research) lay in Israel exploiting its ‘nuisance value.’

Lexington Books

Pages: 368 • Trim: 6 x 9

978-1-4985-5377-3 • Hardback • August 2017 • $115.00 • (£75.00)

978-1-4985-5379-7 • Paperback • September 2019 • $42.99 • (£29.95)

978-1-4985-5378-0 • eBook • August 2017 • $40.50 • (£27.95)

Subjects: History / United States / 20th Century, Political Science / International Relations / Diplomacy, Political Science / World / Middle Eastern, Social Science / World / Middle East, History / Pre-Modern

Advocating for Israel

Diplomats and Lobbyists from Truman to Nixon

Hardback

Paperback

eBook

Summary

This study analyzes the unique triangular relationship between Israel’s diplomatic representatives, pro-Israel advocates, and US administrations draws on a wealth of Hebrew and English primary documentation that includes; government archives, surveillance records, wiretappings, personal oral interviews, and diaries of key individuals. Natan Aridan demonstrates how a small new state succeeded in establishing a level of political, economic and military aid that has made for an alliance that is unique in the American experience. Revealed in considerable depth are the dilemmas facing Israeli and US leaders, and pro-Israel organizations and the extent to which individual Jewish leaders maneuvered as conduits between Israeli governments and US administrations, whose senior dramatis personae in turn attempted to influence, moderate, restrain, and change the course of policy decisions and actions. Each administration had multiple voices and international contingencies presented different challenges, all of which had a major impact in fluctuations, and shifts in policies toward Israel. There was nothing inevitable about military and financial support for Israel. It was only by the end of the period that a distinct pattern began to emerge. Eventual qualified US support took a long and complicated path developed over many decades on multidimensional levels. The book refutes insidious allegations that from Israel’s inception Jewish influence and a powerful Israel lobby hijacked US foreign policy to achieve unreserved military and financial support for Israel that undermined the best interests of the US. The author illustrates one of the poorly misunderstood aspects on the subject by demonstrating how Israeli governments were more astute and powerful than previous scholars have realized and that they were in fact pulling the strings far more than AIPAC and wealthy Jews. He also demonstrates that a contributing factor on the decision to aid Israel (understated in previous research) lay in Israel exploiting its ‘nuisance value.’

Details

Lexington Books

Pages: 368 • Trim: 6 x 9

978-1-4985-5377-3 • Hardback • August 2017 • $115.00 • (£75.00)

978-1-4985-5379-7 • Paperback • September 2019 • $42.99 • (£29.95)

978-1-4985-5378-0 • eBook • August 2017 • $40.50 • (£27.95)

Subjects: History / United States / 20th Century, Political Science / International Relations / Diplomacy, Political Science / World / Middle Eastern, Social Science / World / Middle East, History / Pre-Modern

Author

Natan Aridan is a researcher at the Institute for the Study of Israel and Zionism and lecturer in Israel studies at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Transitions: From the Jewish Agency to the State of Israel, 1948–1952
Chapter 2: Securing Aid, 1948–1952
Chapter 3: Winds of Criticism and the Downgrading of Israel
Chapter 4: The Hasbara Struggle in the Wake of US Coercive Diplomacy, 1954–June 1956
Chapter 5: The Ramifications of Israel’s Sinai War
Chapter 6: Surmounting Obstacles in the Mending of Fences, April 1957–December 1960
Chapter 7: Great Expectations of the Kennedy Administration, 1961–1963
Chapter 8: The Johnson Administration, 1963–1969
Chapter 9: The Nixon and Ford Administrations, 1969–1975

Reviews

Aridan (Ben Gurion Univ., Israel) is the coeditor of Britain, Israel, and Anglo-Jewry: 1949–1957 (Routledge, 2004). His new book is an extensive diplomatic history of Israel’s relationship with the US government during the early Cold War period. He brings to bear a wealth of research into historical and archival sources in this work, which explores the triangular relationship between the Israeli state’s foreign services, the US government, and American Jews. He argues that the domestic Israel lobby did not have influential standing during the period. Rather the gradual movement of US policy toward a pro-Israel position reflected the groundwork of both the Israeli foreign service and their partners among American Jews…. [T]he book presents a strong historical narrative. Better editing of the book’s English content would help improve its readability, but it is a unique contribution to the diplomatic history of US-Israel relations. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through faculty.
— CHOICE

Aridan’s retrospective is invaluable for appreciating the gradual transformation from a downgraded and cold-shouldered Israel in the Eisenhower–Dulles era to one with the status of a most favored nation
— Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs

This is a fascinating story, previously studied in parts by numerous researchers, but enriched here thanks to an impressive mining of data from Israeli and US archives.
— Journal of Contemporary History

This study is a well-researched corrective to those who believe Israel has ignored or undervalued diplomacy. Israel's diplomats, working closely with politically well-connected American Jewish supporters, advanced Israeli interests, even when government-to-government relations were strained. Israel and its supporters worked ‘the system’ effectively, especially in the early years of the state, to obtain critically needed assistance. This is an important read for academics and the general public interested in Israeli affairs.
— Daniel C. Kurtzer, Princeton University

Advocating for Israel: Diplomats and Lobbyists from Truman to Nixon is the best-researched, most reliable history yet of the fraught relationship between the young State of Israel and the United States government. Making use, for the first time, of hitherto secret Israeli government archives, FBI files, and the results of government wiretaps, Natan Aridan overturns previous scholarship concerning a supposed ‘Jewish lobby’ and shows how Israel’s leaders, through effective advocacy, transformed US policy toward the Jewish State in the years following its creation. Even as they employed American Jews to further their goals, neither those Jews nor AIPAC leaders proved nearly as significant in shaping policy toward Israel as the Israel government itself. Aridan’s study provides crucial background for anyone interested in Israeli-American relations today.
— Jonathan D. Sarna, Brandeis University

The purpose at the heart of this significant analytical book is to discern and report to what extent Israel’s politicians, diplomats, and supporters succeeded in influencing US policy towards Israel, in terms of political, economic, and military aid. This study is a worthwhile read on this significant issue that affects both Israel and the United States.
— Gabriel Sheffer, Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Advocating for Israel

Diplomats and Lobbyists from Truman to Nixon

Natan Aridan

Advocating for Israel

Diplomats and Lobbyists from Truman to Nixon

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